Slide 1This video is about the decision you make before you type anything into a search box: what kind of review you are actually doing, and what each kind commits you to.

Slide 2If you've ever felt overwhelmed by the prospect of searching the literature, you're in good company. The sheer volume of published research is staggering. PubMed alone contains over 36 million citations. Google Scholar indexes hundreds of millions of documents. And that's just the stuff that's been published in English in indexed journals. We haven't even talked about grey literature, reports from ministries of health, or the dissertation gathering dust on a shelf in Nairobi that contains exactly the information you need.

Slide 3Here's what I want you to understand from the outset. Searching the literature is not a mechanical task you complete and check off a list. It's a thinking process. The way you search reflects what you know, what you think you know, and what you don't yet realize you need to know.

Slide 4So before you type anything into a search box, you need to answer a fundamental question. What kind of review are you actually doing? The expectations for rigor, the time required, and the methods you'll use vary dramatically depending on whether you're writing a literature review for a class paper or leading a Cochrane systematic review.

Slide 5A systematic review is the gold standard of evidence synthesis. It follows a pre-specified protocol. It uses explicit and reproducible search strategies across multiple databases. It applies predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, critically appraises the quality of the studies it includes, and synthesizes findings using rigorous methods, sometimes including meta-analysis.

Slide 6Systematic reviews are hard. They typically take months, require a team, and demand documentation of every decision. The Cochrane Collaboration and the Campbell Collaboration produce systematic reviews that follow strict methodological standards and are recognized worldwide as authoritative sources of evidence. When do you need a systematic review? When you're making claims about what the evidence shows on a clinical or policy question. When you're informing guidelines. When you need to be comprehensive and transparent about how you identified, selected, and synthesized evidence.

Slide 7A scoping review maps the existing literature on a topic to identify the types of evidence available, clarify concepts, and identify knowledge gaps. Scoping reviews don't typically assess the quality of the studies they include, and they don't synthesize findings to answer a specific effectiveness question. They're useful when you're exploring a new area, when the literature is diverse and heterogeneous, or when you want to understand the lay of the land before designing a more focused systematic review.

Slide 8A narrative review, sometimes called a literature review or a traditional review, synthesizes and summarizes literature on a topic without following the strict protocols of a systematic review. The author selects sources based on relevance and expertise, and the synthesis is often more interpretive and thematic. That makes narrative reviews appropriate for providing background and context in a thesis introduction, for identifying themes and debates in a field, and for educational purposes. The danger is cherry-picking: selecting only evidence that supports your argument while ignoring contradictory findings.

Slide 9A bibliometric analysis asks a different question from the reviews above. Instead of synthesizing what the literature says about a topic, it analyzes what the literature looks like. How many papers, in which journals, by which authors, in which countries, citing which work, growing or shrinking over time. The unit of analysis is the publication itself, not the finding.

Slide 10Bibliometrics are useful for mapping the structure of a field, identifying influential papers and research clusters, surfacing geographic or institutional concentration in who produces evidence, and tracking how an area is evolving. In global health they're particularly good for asking questions like: who writes about Ebola, and where are they based? Or, how has interest in climate and health shifted since 2010? These are questions a systematic review can't easily answer, because the answer isn't in the studies' findings. It's in their authorship and publication patterns.

Slide 11The method typically involves a structured literature search, much like a systematic review, and then quantitative analysis. Counts by year, journal, country, and institution. Co-authorship and citation networks. Keyword co-occurrence maps. The danger is treating publication counts as evidence quality. A topic with many papers might be well-studied, or just fashionable. A country with few papers might be neglected, or just publishing in venues your search missed.

Slide 12Whichever of these you're doing, the rest of the chapter is about doing it well. When to use which approach. How to build search strategies that actually work. Where to find the evidence that doesn't show up in PubMed. And how to avoid the traps that catch unwary researchers, from confirmation bias to predatory journals.